Bone fragments classic8/31/2023 ![]() ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions of this paper are present either in the main text or in the Supporting Information. Received: DecemAccepted: JPublished: August 26, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Villa et al. PLoS ONE 16(8):Įditor: Marco Peresani, Universita degli Studi di Ferrara, ITALY (2021) Elephant bones for the Middle Pleistocene toolmaker. The analysis of the lithic industry is done for comparison with the bone industry.Ĭitation: Villa P, Boschian G, Pollarolo L, Saccà D, Marra F, Nomade S, et al. We discuss the reasons why this innovation was not developed. Clearly the Castel di Guido hominids had done the first step in the process of increasing complexity of bone technology. Bone smoothers and intermediate pieces prove that some features of Aurignacian technology have roots that go beyond the late Mousterian, back to the Middle Pleistocene. Moreover the Castel di Guido bone assemblage is characterized by systematic production of standardized blanks (elephant diaphysis fragments) and clear diversity of tool types. This is the highest number of flaked bone tools made by pre-modern hominids published so far. In spite of the fact that the number of bone bifaces at the site had been largely overestimated in previous publications, the number of verified, human-made bone tools is 98. Our technological and taphonomic analysis of the bone assemblage of Castel di Guido, a Middle Pleistocene site in Italy, now dated by 40Ar/ 39Ar to about 400 ka, shows that this general idea is inexact. Only Upper Paleolithic bone tools would involve several stages of manufacture with clear evidence of primary flaking or breaking of bone to produce the kind of fragments required for different kinds of tools. Until recently the generally accepted idea was that early bone technology was essentially immediate and expedient, based on single-stage operations, using available bone fragments of large to medium size animals. Throughout the Early and Middle Pleistocene bone tool shaping was done by percussion flaking, the same technique used for knapping stone artifacts, although bone shaping was rare compared to stone tool flaking. The use of bone as raw material for implements is documented since the Early Pleistocene.
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